Miscellaneous Seeds

Some seed types represent weedy species, which were used only incidentally or not at all. These include wood sorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), beggar's lice (Desmodium sp.), Jaquemontia sp., bedstraw (Galium sp.), Lespedeza sp., poke (Phytolacca americana L), henbit (Lamium sp.), chenopod (Chenopodium sp.), knotweed (Polygonum sp.), and nightshade (Solanum sp.). Poke may have been used as cooked greens (as it sometimes still is in the rural South), but is represented by only one seed. Bedstraw is frequently found in archaeological deposits in the eastern United States, but its use, if any, is not known. Knotweed and chenopod were both indigenous starchy cultigens in many parts of the prehistoric East and Midwest (Yarnell 1983; Asch and Asch 1986) but as yet only small quantities have been found at Fredricks. There is little convincing evidence that these starchy annuals were used, since small numbers of seeds from these weedy species could easily have entered archaeological deposits independently of human agency. There is certainly no evidence that they were cultivated by Fredricks site inhabitants.